Chapter – 7

Security in the Contemporary World

In this post, we have given the detailed notes of class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 (Security in the Contemporary World) in English. These notes are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 12 board exams.

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Security

• The basic meaning of security is freedom from threats.
• But it is not possible to be safe from all kinds of dangers because every human being is always under some danger or the other.
• For example-
  • Danger of getting into an accident while driving.
  • Danger of cutting hands while cutting vegetables.
  • Risk of falling and injury while playing.
• If efforts are made to avoid all these dangers, no human can lead a normal life.
• For this reason, only those threats are considered to be a threat to the safety of a person, which damages the core values ​​of that person. In other words, the life or liberty of that person is at risk.

Conceptions of security

If we talk about security, there are mainly two groups.

• Traditional Notions
  • External
  • Internal
• Non-traditional notions

Traditional Notion of security

• The traditional concept of security includes those threats that are dangerous to a country,
• Those threats that cause harm to a country or its people.
• Conventional security is mainly divided into two parts

External

• All such threats to a country from outside its borders are kept within the scope of external notion of security. The biggest danger in this is from the surrounding countries, which can affect the security of that country by doing war.

Internal

• Internal Security includes all those threats that a country faces from within its borders
• From the people living within it, riots due to racism, civil war or other similar things within it.

The non-traditional notion of security

• The non-traditional notion of security includes those threats which are dangerous not for any one country but for the whole world and no one country can solve them alone. In other words, such dangers which are dangerous for the whole human race.
• For example
  • Global warming
  • Pollution
  • Natural disasters
  • Poverty
  • Epidemic
  • Terrorism
  • Problem of refugees
  • Increasing population etc.

Avoidance of Dangers

How to avoid external threats

By strengthening military power

• For a country, its army is most important because it protects it from all the dangers that it can face from the countries around it.
• In such a situation, keeping your army strong is the best way to avoid external threats.

Establishing a balance of power

• Balance of power means keeping an eye on the countries around you and always keeping your power equal to their power, that is, if they are becoming more powerful than you in military form, then try yourself and increase your military power so that both the countries Always be equally powerful and no country dares to attack each other.

Adopting a coalition policy

• Forming alliances is also a good way to stop a war. Within this, all those countries that feel that they can be a threat to each other form alliances among themselves and try to build a trust that we will not attack each other and establish cooperation.

By disarmament

• Disarmament means reducing the weapons made. Within this, by negotiation between two or more countries, a decision is taken to eliminate such weapons, which can be dangerous for both of them in the future. In this, both countries eliminate their own dangerous weapons.

By weapon control

• Weapon control means reducing or stopping the manufactureing of such dangerous weapons which can cause great damage.
• For example
  • Nuclear weapon

How to avoid internal threats?

• Internal security includes all those threats that harm the country from inside the country’s borders.
• For example:
  • Sectarian violence
  • Separatism
  • Racism
  • Ethnic violence
  • Political instability
  • Incidents of violence

Measures to be taken

• Fair political system
• Development
• End of discrimination
• Establishing equality

How to avoid unconventional dangers?

• As we have seen above that the threats which come under non-traditional security cannot be solved by any one country alone, due to this the ideology of cooperative security was born in the world.

Cooperation security

• There are many such threats in the world, which no country can solve alone, to deal with these threats, all countries need to work together, this way of fighting the threats is called cooperation security. In other words, when all the countries of the world try to fight together against threats, then that cooperation is called Cooperation security.

India’s security policies

Strengthen military capability

• Since independence, there have been problems in the relations between India and its surrounding countries. For this reason, India has tried to increase its military power from the very beginning. India did its nuclear test in 1974 in Pokhran, which was unsuccessful, but in 1998, the second nuclear test on the same site was successful and India became a nuclear-rich country.

Deal with internal problems

• There are many internal problems in India.
• For example: –
  • Poverty
  • Separatism
  • Racism
  • Uneven development
  • Corruption
• Solving all these problems is no less than a challenge for India.

Social and economic development

• Economic and social development is very important for every country because when a country is not economically strong, it has to depend on other countries, due to which the risk of becoming slave increases. So, in view of all these things, India has tried from the very beginning that the country can become financially self-reliant.

Strengthen international institutions

• Since independence, India has been trying to establish peace in the world and strengthen international institutions.
• In order to strengthen international institutions and establish peace in the world, India has
  • Adopted the policy of non-alignment
  • Stressed upon Asian unity
  • Opposed colonialism

Terrorism

What is terrorism?

• Terrorism is defined as the situation when a person resorts to violence to fulfil his unreasonable demands.

Terrorism and the world

• The Taliban and Al Qaeda were funded by the US during the Afghanistan crisis
• Later these terrorist organizations carried out many attacks in America. Such as 9/11
• Simultaneously, in many countries of the world, terrorists are being nurtured in the name of religion and jihad.

Terrorist organization 

• A group of terrorists with similar ideology is called a terrorist organization.
• There are many terrorist organizations active in the world today.
  • ISIS
  • Taliban
  • Al Qaeda
  • Lashkar-e-Taiba
  • Hizbul Mujahideen etc.

India and terrorism

Nature of terrorism in india

Religious terrorism

• In Punjab and Kashmir

Separatist terrorism

• Terrorism spread in Punjab on the demand of Khalistan and in Jammu and Kashmir

Foreign terrorism

• An example of this is the ongoing terrorism supported by Pakistan in Jammu and Kashmir and in different regions of India.

Regional terrorism

• Naxalism spread in many areas of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Maharashtra is an example of regional terrorism. It mainly supports the poor and tribals and it opposes the landlords.

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