Chapter – 6

Manufacturing Industries

In this post we have given the detailed notes of class 10 Social Science (Geography) Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries in English. These notes are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 10 board exams.

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Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries

Importance of Manufacturing

Manufacturing: The production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products is called manufacturing. For example, converting cotton into yarn, yarn into cloth, and cloth into garments.

Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of a nation’s economy for several reasons:

• Manufacturing industries help in reducing the heavy dependence on agriculture by generating new employment opportunities in secondary and tertiary sectors, thereby helping to eradicate unemployment and poverty.
• Industrial development helps to modernise agriculture, which forms the backbone of the country’s economy by reducing the population pressure on it. Agriculture also provides raw material and markets to industries, and in turn receives inputs such as fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and farm machinery from industries.
• Export of manufactured goods earns valuable foreign exchange, which strengthens a country’s trade balance.
• Countries that transform raw materials into a variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous, while those that export raw materials and import manufactured goods remain poor. This is why every country tries to develop its own manufacturing industries.
• Manufacturing industries help build a nation free from poverty and unemployment, ensuring a decent standard of living for all its citizens.

Example: The rapid economic growth of Japan after World War II and, more recently, of South Korea, was made possible by developing and diversifying their manufacturing industries. Manufacturing and prosperity go hand in hand, which is why industrial development is often considered synonymous with development in India.

Industrial Location

The location of an industry is influenced by several factors — access to raw material, labour, capital, power and market. These factors, individually or together, create favourable conditions for industries to be located at a particular place.

Factors Affecting Industrial Location

• Access to Raw Material: Industries that use heavy, bulky, weight-losing or perishable raw materials tend to be located close to the source of raw material. Example — sugar industry, iron and steel industry.
• Labour: Availability of a large pool of skilled and unskilled labour at a place attracts industries.
• Capital: Industries need capital for establishment as well as for their smooth functioning, so the availability of financial institutions and banks matters.
• Power: Uninterrupted and cheap supply of power (coal, electricity, petroleum) is essential for the smooth running of industries.
• Market: A nearby and wide market for the finished goods is essential, as it reduces transport cost and increases profitability.
• Besides these, transport and communication facilities, and government policies (such as tax concessions) also influence the location of industries.

Agglomeration Economies and Industrial Belts

Agglomeration Economies: Industries tend to come together initially to take advantage of the favourable factors at a particular location. Gradually, urbanisation follows, and many other industries get attracted to this location to make use of the advantages offered by the growing urban centre — these are known as agglomeration economies. Over time, this leads to the development of an Industrial Belt or Region.

Classification of Industries

1. On the Basis of Raw Material Used

• Agro-based Industries: Industries that use plant and animal-based products as raw materials, such as cotton textile, jute, silk, woollen textile, sugar and vegetable oil industries.
• Mineral-based Industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials, such as the iron and steel industry (metallic mineral based) and cement and pottery industries (non-metallic mineral based).
• Forest-based Industries: Industries that use forest produce as raw material, such as paper, furniture and lac industries.

2. On the Basis of Their Main Role

• Basic or Key Industries: Industries that supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods, such as the iron and steel industry, copper smelting and aluminium smelting.
• Consumer Industries: Industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers, such as toothpaste, soaps, paper, electric fans, etc.

3. On the Basis of Capital Investment

• Small-scale Industry: An industry with a maximum investment limit (as of 2018) of one crore rupees.
• Large-scale Industry: An industry involving investment above one crore rupees.

4. On the Basis of Ownership

• Public Sector: Owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
• Private Sector: Owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals, such as Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO).
• Joint Sector: Jointly owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals, such as Oil India Limited (OIL).
• Cooperative Sector: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both, who pool their resources together, such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra and AMUL in Gujarat.

Agro-based Industries

Cotton Textile Industry

India has a long history of the cotton textile industry, and Indian hand-spun and hand-woven cloth had a worldwide reputation for fine quality. This is the only industry in India that is self-reliant and complete, from raw material to the highest value-added products.

• India’s first successful mechanised textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. Favourable climate, availability of raw material, port facilities, capital, market and skilled labour made Maharashtra and Gujarat the leading centres of this industry.
• The cotton textile industry is spread across the handloom, powerloom and mill sectors, with the decentralised (handloom and powerloom) sector contributing the largest share of the country’s total textile production.
• India is currently the second largest producer and exporter of cotton textiles in the world, though the industry faces challenges such as raw material quality, erratic power supply and outdated technology.

Jute Textile Industry

India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods in the world and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.

• The jute industry is concentrated mainly in West Bengal, along the banks of the Hugli river. This is due to cheap water transport, rail, roadways and waterways network, proximity of the Kolkata port, availability of raw jute and abundant, cheap labour.
• The fertile Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region of West Bengal has ideal soil and climate conditions for jute cultivation, which is why jute is known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
• The industry is facing a stiff challenge from synthetic substitutes and increasing global competition (from Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines and Thailand). The Government has set up the National Jute Policy 2005 to increase productivity, improve quality and encourage diversification of products.

Sugar Industry

India ranks first in the production of both sugarcane and gur (jaggery)/khandsari, and second (after Brazil) in the production of sugar.

• Roughly half of the sugar mills in the country are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra.
• In recent years, the industry has been shifting from north India (mainly Uttar Pradesh) towards Maharashtra and Peninsular India. The key reasons for this shift are —
• Sugarcane grown in Peninsular India has a higher sucrose content because of the cooler climate, which prolongs the ripening period.
• Cooperatives in the south are more efficient and effective, and the crushing season here is also much longer than in the north.
• Mills in the south are larger and equipped with more modern technology.
• The sugar industry is a seasonal industry, and its other problems include the low yield of sugarcane per hectare, delays in transporting sugarcane that lower sucrose content, and old and inefficient methods of production.

Mineral-based Industries

Iron and Steel Industry

The iron and steel industry is considered the backbone of all modern industries, since it provides the basic raw material for heavy, medium and light engineering industries.

• Raw Materials: Iron ore, coking coal (mixed in the ratio of roughly 4:2), limestone, manganese and dolomite. Since all these raw materials are bulky, the industry is generally located close to the source of raw materials.
• Major Centres: Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Durgapur (West Bengal), Bokaro (Jharkhand) and Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) — home to TISCO, established in 1907, one of the oldest and largest private-sector steel plants in the country. Other major centres include Rourkela (Odisha), Bhadravati and Vijaynagar (Karnataka) and Salem (Tamil Nadu).
• India exports large amounts of iron ore but has to import good quality finished steel, which is one of the ironies of this industry.

Problems of the Iron and Steel Industry

• High cost and limited availability of good quality coking coal.
• Lower labour productivity.
• Irregular power supply.
• Poor infrastructure (roads, railways and other transport facilities).

Aluminium Smelting

• This is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable, and useful for making alloys as a substitute for steel.
• This industry uses Bauxite, a sedimentary rock, as its raw material, and requires a large and uninterrupted supply of electricity, which is why aluminium smelting plants are located near bauxite mines and sources of cheap electricity.

Chemical Industries

• The Indian chemical industry is the third largest producer in Asia and contributes around 3% to the GDP. It is the twelfth largest producer of chemicals in the world.
• The industry is broadly divided into two categories — Inorganic Chemicals, such as sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash and caustic soda; and Organic Chemicals, such as petrochemicals used for manufacturing synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyes and drugs.
• Inorganic chemical units are spread throughout the country, while organic chemical industries are located mainly near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

The Information Technology and Electronics Industry

• The electronics industry covers a wide range of products, from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, computers, and highly sophisticated equipment used in satellites.
• The most important product of this industry is the computer, which has revolutionised the information technology (IT) sector.
• Bengaluru (Karnataka) is known as the ‘Electronic Capital of India’. Other important centres include Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
• Export in the software industry has grown rapidly and has been a major source of foreign exchange earnings for the country. This industry has generated employment and helped in the spread of education and entertainment. The software industry is the fastest growing segment within the IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Industries contribute to environmental degradation in four ways — through air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution and noise pollution.

Types of Industrial Pollution

• Air Pollution: Caused by the presence of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Chemical and paper factories, brick kilns and refineries are major sources. It has adverse effects on human health, animals, plants, buildings and the entire ecosystem.
• Water Pollution: Caused when organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are released into rivers and water bodies. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing industries, oil refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries release toxic substances such as lead and mercury into water bodies.
• Thermal Pollution: Occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is discharged into rivers before cooling, raising the temperature of the water and disturbing aquatic ecosystems.
• Noise Pollution: Caused by industrial and construction activities, factory machinery, wood-saws, etc. It leads to hearing impairment, increased blood pressure, irritation and stress.

Control of Environmental Degradation

• Water Pollution Control: Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds, using physical, biological and chemical methods.
• Air Pollution Control: Using cleaner, smokeless fuel instead of low-grade coal with high sulphur content. Substituting power looms and conventional energy sources with oil or gas. Fitting furnaces with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters and scrubbers to remove particulate matter before it is released into the air.
• Noise Pollution Control: Using silencers on machines and equipment, proper maintenance and oiling of machinery, using sound-absorbing materials, and providing workers with earplugs and earphones in noisy areas.
• Safe disposal of solid waste is also essential to control land and water pollution, through methods such as land filling, recycling and composting.

Key Points to Remember

• Manufacturing means converting raw materials into more valuable finished products, and is the backbone of a nation’s economy — as seen in the industrial growth of Japan and South Korea.
• Industrial location depends on raw material, labour, capital, power and market; agglomeration economies over time create industrial belts.
• Industries are classified by raw material (agro/mineral/forest-based), role (basic/consumer), capital investment (small/large-scale) and ownership (public/private/joint/cooperative).
• Cotton textiles are centred in Maharashtra and Gujarat; jute in West Bengal; the sugar industry is shifting from Uttar Pradesh towards Maharashtra and Peninsular India.
• The iron and steel industry is the backbone of modern industry, with Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro and Jamshedpur as major centres. Aluminium smelting depends on bauxite and cheap power.
• Bengaluru is India’s Electronic Capital; the software industry is the fastest-growing segment of the IT sector.
• Air, water, thermal and noise pollution from industries can be controlled through water recycling, rainwater harvesting, smokeless fuels, electrostatic precipitators and silencers/earplugs.

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