Chapter – 7

Federalism

In this post we have given the detailed notes of Class 11 Political Science Book 2 Chapter 7 (Federalism) in English. These notes are useful for the students who are going to appear in Class 11 board exams.

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Chapter 7: Federalism

Introduction

• India’s political map has changed significantly since independence, with changes in state boundaries, names, and numbers.  
• These changes reflect the functioning of India’s federal system.  

What is Federalism?

• Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central government and regional governments.  
• Each level of government has its own distinct powers and responsibilities.  
• Federalism is an institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of polities—one at the regional level and the other at the national level.  
• In some federal countries, there is a system of dual citizenship, but India has only a single citizenship.  

Key Features of Federalism:

• Dual System of Government: Two levels of government, each with its own powers and responsibilities.  
• Written Constitution: The division of powers is usually outlined in a written constitution, which is considered supreme.  
• Division of Powers: Specific subjects are assigned to either the central or regional governments.  
• Independent Judiciary: Resolves disputes between the central and regional governments.  
• Culture of Cooperation: Mutual trust and cooperation between the center and the states are essential for the smooth functioning of a federation.  

Federalism in India:

• India has a federal system of government with a strong central government.  
• The Constitution of India does not explicitly mention the word “federation” but describes India as a “Union of States”.  
• Article 1:
  • (1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.  
  • (2) The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule.  

Division of Powers:

• The Indian Constitution provides for a division of powers between the central government and the state governments.  
• Union List: Subjects like defense, foreign affairs, banking, railways, etc., on which only the central government can make laws.  
• State List: Subjects like agriculture, police, prisons, local government, etc., on which only the state governments can make laws.  
• Concurrent List: Subjects like education, forests, trade unions, etc., on which both the central and state governments can make laws.  
• Residuary Powers: Powers not mentioned in any of the lists, which belong to the central government.  

Federalism with a Strong Central Government:

• The Indian Constitution has created a strong central government to ensure unity and facilitate socio-economic development.  
• The central government has the power to:
  • Create new states and alter boundaries.  
  • Declare emergency and assume greater powers.  
  • Control financial resources and planning.  
  • Appoint Governors and influence state legislation.  
  • Maintain an integrated administrative system through All India Services.  

Conflicts in India’s Federal System:

• The strong central government has led to demands for more autonomy from various states.  
• Conflicts arise over issues such as:
  • Division of Powers: States want more powers and a greater say in decision-making.  
  • Financial Resources: States demand more financial autonomy and control over resources.  
  • Role of the Governor: The Governor’s actions are often seen as interference by the central government.  
  • President’s Rule: The imposition of President’s rule in states has been a source of conflict.  
  • Demand for New States: The demand for new states based on linguistic and cultural identity has led to conflicts.  
  • Interstate Conflicts: Disputes arise over borders and sharing of river waters.  

Special Provisions:

• The Indian Constitution provides special provisions for certain states, such as those in the North East, due to their unique circumstances.  
• Jammu and Kashmir had special status under Article 370, which has now been revoked.  

Conclusion:

• Federalism is a complex and dynamic system of government.  
• It requires a balance between unity and diversity, and a culture of cooperation and mutual respect.  
• The Indian Constitution provides a framework for federalism, but the actual functioning of the system depends on the political process and the people.         

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