Chapter – 6

International organization

In this post, we have given the detailed notes of class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 (International organization) in English. These notes are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 12 board exams.

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International organization

Those organizations which are formed by many countries on the international level are called international organizations. These organizations have member countries and they work for the whole world.

Need of international organizations

• To solve problems that no country can solve alone.
• To bring about an agreement between the countries.
• To establish cooperation between countries.
• To reduce the possibility of war in the world.

Major international organizations

• League of nations
• United nations organisation
• World bank
• World trade organization
• International monetary fund
• Amnesty international
• Human rights watch.

League of nations

• The whole world suffered heavy losses due to the first world war.
• To prevent this type of world war from happening again and to maintain peace in the world, all the countries thought of forming an international organization so that the disputes between the countries could be resolved by negotiation and there would be no world war again.
• That’s when the league of nations was created.
• This organization was not very successful and the world had to face the second world war.
• The second world war was even more dangerous and caused more damage than the first world war.
• All the countries realized that the league of nations needed to be strengthened further.
• Therefore, the league of nations was changed to the United Nations Organisation.

Note : The United Nation is considered the successor of the league of nations.

United Nation Organisation (UNO)

Established on – 24 oct 1945

Members – 193

Headquarters – New York

Objective

• Maintain peace in the world
• Settlement of disputes between countries through negotiations
• Helping countries
• Promoting the social and economic development of countries
• Establishing treaties between countries
• To develop a spirit of cooperation in the world

Principal Organs

There are 6 Principal organs of the United Nations.

• Security council
• Secretariat
• Economic and social council
• General assembly
• International court of justice
• Trusteeship council

Security council

• The security council is the most important organ of the UNO.
• There are 15 members in the security council which are divided into 2 parts.
• Permanent 5 members (USA, France, UK, China and Russia)
• Temporary 10 members (These members are elected for 2 years)
• Each permanent member has a special power called VETO (prohibition).
• The permanent member can withhold or limit the motion by exercising the VETO.

Functions of the security council 

• Resolving disputes between countries
• Keep peace in the world
• Punishing those who disturb the peace

Secretariat

• The bureaucracy of the UNO is called the secretariat.
• The secretariat is the body of all the employees working for the uno.
• It informs the rest of the organs of the uno and keeps an account of their work.

Economic and social council

The economic and social council works for cultural, economic, social and educational development in the world.

• Establishment – ​​1945
• Present members – 54
• Meeting – the meeting of this council helds twice a year.
  • In Geneva in July
  • In New York in April

Objectives

• To raise the level of economic, social, educational and cultural development in the world.

General assembly

• The general assembly is one of the main organs of the uno.
• In the general assembly, all the members of the uno are given one vote
• The general assembly is like the parliament of a country where disputes are discussed.
• In the general assembly, decisions on general matters are taken by a general majority and decisions on some special subjects are taken by a two-thirds majority.
• Its conference is held every year.

International Court of Justice

• The International Court of Justice settles disputes between countries.
• It is located in the Hague (Netherlands)
• The international court of justice consists of 15 judges who are elected for 9 years.
• After every 3 years, 5 judges are elected.
• All decisions are taken by majority vote.

Trusteeship council

• The trusteeship council was created to look after those areas which were not able to maintain the governance on their own after the second world war.
• It was the responsibility of the trusteeship council to look after these areas.
• Initially 11 countries were kept in it.
• Its work ended after the independence of Palamu island in 1996.

Reform of the united nations

Since the end of the cold war, many changes have taken place in the world and now the world is facing different challenges.

Changes after the cold war

• The dissolution of the Soviet Union
• The beginning of a unipolar world
• Beginning of American hegemony
• China’s rapid development
• Rapid growth of the economy of Asia.
• Terrorism
• Climate change (global warming)
• Civil war
• Proliferation of nuclear weapons
• Destruction of environment
• Epidemics.

In view of these changes, the talk of reforming the united nations came to the fore because no major changes have been made in the united nations since its inception, but the conditions of the world have changed a lot.

Proposed improvements

• To escalate the issues falling within the jurisdiction of uno.
• Improving the UNO’s design
• Increasing the number of VETO countries
• New countries in the security council
• Changing the way uno works

Note: – in view of these demands, a resolution was passed in the general assembly of uno in 1992.

Complaints in the proposel

There were three main complaints in this proposal.

• The security council does not represent the current political situation in the world.
• Its decision reflects the interests of western countries.
• There is no equal representation in the security council.

Changes made in the united nations 

Some changes were made in September 2005 to make the united nations more relevant.

• Peace foundation commission was formed.
• If a country fails to save its citizens from atrocities, then the world community will take its responsibility.
• Condemn all forms of terrorism
• Establishment of human rights council (19 June 2006)
• Establishment of democracy fund

Simultaneously, certain criteria were proposed (proposed not made) to provide for permanent membership of the security council, the country which fulfils these criteria can become a permanent member of the security council.

• Great economic power
• Large population
• Large land area
• Great military power
• High contribution in the budget of UNO
• Democracy and respect for human rights
• Cultural diversity

If a permanent member is elected according to the above-mentioned criteria, then India fulfils all the criteria and is the biggest contender to become a permanent member in the security council of UNO.

Unipolar world and UNO

Almost all countries of the world believe that the united nations is not effective in unipolar world. It was said so because-

• America has a special influence on the UNO.
• US contributes the most to the UNO budget.
• UNO is headquartered in New York (USA) and for this reason most of its bureaucrats are American.
• America is a permanent member of the security council of the UNO and has the VETO.
• America has always been ignoring the UNO due to its military and economic power.

Other international organizations

• World bank
• World trade organization
• International monetary fund
• Amnesty international
• Human rights watch.

World Bank

Established – 1945
Members – 189
Headquarters – Washington DC

Objectives

• Providing loans to developing countries.
• Helping poor and developing countries to develop

World Trade Organization

Establishment – ​​1995 (Earlier there was GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
Headquarters – Geneva
Member – 164

Objectives

• To promote free trade among all the countries of the world.
• Making rules related to international trade.

International Monetary Fund

Establishment – ​ 1945
Headquarters – Washington DC
Members – 189 (Currently)

Objectives

• Keeping track of the economic condition of the countries
• Providing financial and technical support

Amnesty International

Established – 1961
Headquarters – London

Objectives

• Protect human rights
• Publishing human rights reports
• To make the people of the world aware of human rights

Human Rights Watch

Established – 1978
headquarters – New York

Objectives

• Protect human rights

UNESCO

• United nations educational scientific and cultural organization
• UNESCO is a part of the United Nations Organization, it was established for the development of education, science and culture in the world.
• The proposal to make it was presented on 16 November 1945.
• Established– 4 November 1946
• Headquarters – Paris (France)
• Members – 193 full members and 11 associate members

Note: Earlier it had 195 members, but after the withdrawal of America and Israel, its members decreased to 193.

Objectives

• Development of people
• Guiding Youth
• Helping developing countries
• Looking after Small island
• Looking after Underdeveloped countries
• Apart from this, UNESCO also works to determine and maintain the world heritage sites.
• World heritage sites are those sites which are of great importance to human beings culturally.
• A total of 38 sites in India have been identified as world heritage sites.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

• United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
• Now the words International and emergency have been removed from its name.
• United Nations Children’s Fund
• Established          – 11 December 1946
• Headquarters         – New York
• Members           – 190 countries

Objectives

• UNICEF established for child education, health and welfare
• UNICEF, in collaboration with the world health organization, does many things for children, such as immunization of children, providing nutritious food, preventing diseases etc.

Achievements

• UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965
• About 3 billion vaccines are provided by UNICEF every year to immunize children
• UNICEF was also awarded the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize in 1989.
• Amitabh Bachchan in 2005, Sachin Tendulkar in 2013 and Priyanka Chopra in 2016 has been the brand ambassador of UNICEF.

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

• It was formed in 1919 and in 2019 it has completed its 100 years.
• It joined the United Nations in 1946
• Headquarters – Geneva (Switzerland)

Objectives

• Promoting labour rights internationally
• Maintaining social justice on global scale
• Achievements
  • ILO was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969
  • Contributed to development by protecting the rights of workers on global scale

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