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Home » Class 12 Psychology Notes in English » Psychological Disorders (Ch-4) Notes in English || Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 in English ||

Psychological Disorders (Ch-4) Notes in English || Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 in English ||

Posted on 01/03/2025 by Anshul Gupta

Chapter – 4

Psychological Disorders

In this post we have given the detailed notes of class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 (Psychological Disorders) in English. These notes are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 12 board exams.

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BoardCBSE Board, UP Board, JAC Board, Bihar Board, HBSE Board, UBSE Board, PSEB Board, RBSE Board
TextbookNCERT
ClassClass 12
SubjectPsychology
Chapter no.Chapter 4
Chapter NamePsychological Disorders
CategoryClass 12 Psychology Notes in English
MediumEnglish

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Psychological Disorders in English
Explore the topics
  • Chapter – 4
  • Psychological Disorders
  • Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders
    • Introduction
    • Concepts of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders
    • Historical Background
      • Classification of Psychological Disorders
      • Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour
    • Major Psychological Disorders
      • Anxiety disorders:
      • Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders:
      • Trauma- and stressor-related disorders:
      • Somatic symptom and related disorders:
      • Dissociative disorders:
      • Depressive disorders:
      • Bipolar and related disorders:
      • Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders:
      • Neurodevelopmental disorders:
      • Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders:
      • Feeding and eating disorders:
      • Substance-related and addictive disorders:
    • Key Terms
    • Summary
  • More Important Links

Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders

Introduction

  • Abnormal Psychology: This is the study of maladaptive Behaviour, including its causes, consequences, and treatment.  
  • Maladaptive Behaviour: This refers to Behaviour that cannot be modified according to the needs of the situation, leading to failures in adaptation to life challenges.  

Concepts of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders

  • The ‘Four Ds’ of psychological disorders:
    • Deviance: Different, extreme, unusual, or bizarre Behaviour.  
    • Distress: Unpleasant and upsetting to the person and others.  
    • Dysfunction: Interfering with the person’s ability to carry out daily activities.  
    • Danger: Posing a risk to the person or others.  
  • Two views of abnormal Behaviour:
    • Deviation from social norms: Behaviour that differs markedly from society’s ideas of proper functioning.  
    • Maladaptive Behaviour: Behaviour that interferes with optimal functioning and growth, regardless of societal acceptance.  

Historical Background

  • Supernatural and magical forces: Ancient theory that attributes abnormal Behaviour to evil spirits or the devil.  
  • Biological/organic approach: Belief that abnormal Behaviour stems from problems in the body or brain.  
  • Psychological approach: View that psychological problems arise from how an individual thinks, feels, or perceives the world.  

Classification of Psychological Disorders

  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5): Official manual published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for describing and classifying psychological disorders.  
  • International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10): Classification scheme used in India and elsewhere, prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO).  

Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour

  • Biological factors: Faulty genes, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition, injuries, etc., that can interfere with normal development and functioning.  
  • Psychological factors: Maternal deprivation, faulty parent-child relationships, maladaptive family structures, severe stress, etc.  
  • Psychological models:
    • Psychodynamic model: Focuses on unconscious mental conflicts.  
    • Behavioural model: Emphasizes learning maladaptive ways of behaving.  
    • Cognitive model: Attributes abnormal functioning to cognitive problems like irrational or inaccurate assumptions.  
    • Humanistic-existential model: Focuses on broader aspects of human existence, such as self-actualization and responsibility for giving meaning to life.  
  • Socio-cultural factors: War, violence, prejudice, discrimination, economic problems, rapid social change, etc.  
  • Diathesis-stress model: Explains psychological disorders as the result of a biological predisposition (diathesis) triggered by a stressful situation.  

Major Psychological Disorders

  • Anxiety disorders:

    Characterized by high levels of anxiety that are distressing and interfere with effective functioning.
    • Generalized anxiety disorder: Prolonged, vague, unexplained, and intense fears not attached to any particular object.  
    • Panic disorder: Recurrent anxiety attacks with intense terror.  
    • Phobias: Irrational fears related to specific objects, people, or situations.  
    • Separation anxiety disorder (SAD): Fearful and anxious about separation from attachment figures.  
  • Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders:

    • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Inability to control preoccupation with specific ideas or prevent repeatedly carrying out a particular act or series of acts.  
  • Trauma- and stressor-related disorders:

    • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Experienced after a traumatic event, with symptoms like recurrent dreams, flashbacks, impaired concentration, and emotional numbing.  
  • Somatic symptom and related disorders:

    Physical symptoms in the absence of a physical disease.
    • Somatic symptom disorder: Persistent body-related symptoms, with excessive preoccupation and worry about health.  
    • Illness anxiety disorder: Persistent preoccupation with developing a serious illness.  
    • Conversion disorder: Reported loss of part or all of some basic body functions, often after a stressful experience.  
  • Dissociative disorders:

    • Dissociative amnesia: Extensive but selective memory loss with no known organic cause.  
    • Dissociative identity disorder: The person assumes alternate personalities that may or may not be aware of each other.  
    • Depersonalization/derealization disorder: Dreamlike state with a sense of being separated from self and reality.  
  • Depressive disorders:

    • Major depressive disorder: Period of depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, along with other symptoms like changes in body weight, sleep problems, tiredness, etc.  
  • Bipolar and related disorders:

    • Bipolar I disorder: Alternating periods of mania and depression, sometimes interrupted by periods of normal mood.  
  • Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders:

    • Schizophrenia: A group of psychotic disorders with disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, unusual emotional states, and motor abnormalities.  
    • Symptoms of schizophrenia:
      • Positive symptoms: Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations, inappropriate affect.  
      • Negative symptoms: Poverty of speech, blunted/flat affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal.  
      • Psychomotor symptoms: Odd grimaces, gestures, catatonia.  
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders:

    Manifest in the early stage of development and hamper functioning.
    • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.  
    • Autism spectrum disorder: Impairments in social interaction and communication, stereotyped patterns of Behaviours, interests, and activities.  
    • Intellectual disability: Below average intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive Behaviour.  
    • Specific learning disorder: Difficulty in perceiving or processing information, leading to problems in basic skills like reading, writing, or mathematics.  
  • Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders:

    • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): Age-inappropriate stubbornness, irritability, defiance, disobedience, and hostile Behaviour.  
    • Conduct disorder: Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and personal or property rights of others.  
  • Feeding and eating disorders:

    • Anorexia nervosa: Distorted body image leading to self-starvation.  
    • Bulimia nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging.  
    • Binge eating: Frequent episodes of out-of-control eating.  
  • Substance-related and addictive disorders:

    • Alcohol abuse: Regular and excessive alcohol intake, leading to dependence and various physical and psychological problems.  
    • Heroin abuse: Significant interference with social and occupational functioning, leading to dependence and risk of overdose.  
    • Cocaine abuse: Regular use leading to intoxication, dependence, and various physical and psychological problems.

Key Terms

  • Abnormal psychology: The study of abnormal Behaviour and psychological disorders.  
  • Antisocial Behaviour: Behaviour that violates social norms and the rights of others.  
  • Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease.  
  • Autism spectrum disorder: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive Behaviours.  
  • Bipolar and related disorders: Mood disorders characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.  
  • Deinstitutionalization: The process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services.  
  • Delusions: False beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.  
  • Depressive disorders: Mood disorders characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest.  
  • Diathesis-stress model: A model that explains psychological disorders as the result of a biological predisposition (diathesis) triggered by stress.  
  • Feeding and eating disorders: Disorders characterized by abnormal eating patterns and concerns about body weight or shape.  
  • Genetics: The study of genes and heredity.  
  • Hallucinations: Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of external stimuli.  
  • Hyperactivity: A state of excessive restlessness and activity.  
  • Intellectual disability: A disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive Behaviour.  
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders: Disorders that affect the development of the nervous system.  
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.  
  • Norms: Social expectations or rules of Behaviour.  
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorders: Disorders characterized by obsessions (recurrent, unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive Behaviours).  
  • Phobias: Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations.  
  • Schizophrenia: A chronic mental disorder that affects a person’s ability to think, feel, and behave clearly.  
  • Somatic symptom and related disorders: Disorders characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition.  
  • Substance-related and addictive disorders: Disorders involving the use of substances that affect mental and physical functioning.  

Summary

  • Abnormal Behaviour is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, and dangerous.  
  • The three perspectives on abnormal Behaviour are the supernatural, the biological/organic, and the psychological.  
  • The bio-psycho-social approach considers biological, psychological, and social factors in psychological disorders.  
  • The WHO (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) have classified psychological disorders.  
  • Various models explain abnormal Behaviour, including the biological, psychodynamic, Behavioural, cognitive, humanistic-existential, diathesis-stress, and socio-cultural approaches.  
  • Major psychological disorders include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and related, trauma-and stressor-related, somatic symptom and related, dissociative, depressive, bipolar and related, schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic, neurodevelopmental, disruptive, impulse-control and conduct, feeding and eating, and substance-related and addictive disorders.

We hope that class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Psychological Disorders notes in English helped you. If you have any query about class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Psychological Disorders notes in English or about any other notes of class 12 Psychology in English, so you can comment below. We will reach you as soon as possible…

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