Chapter – 5
Therapeutic Approaches
In this post we have given the detailed notes of class 12 Psychology Chapter 5 (Therapeutic Approaches) in English. These notes are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 12 board exams.
Board | CBSE Board, UP Board, JAC Board, Bihar Board, HBSE Board, UBSE Board, PSEB Board, RBSE Board |
Textbook | NCERT |
Class | Class 12 |
Subject | Psychology |
Chapter no. | Chapter 5 |
Chapter Name | Therapeutic Approaches |
Category | Class 12 Psychology Notes in English |
Medium | English |
Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5 Therapeutic Approaches in English
Explore the topics
- Chapter – 5
- Therapeutic Approaches
-
Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches
- Introduction
- Nature and Process of Psychotherapy
- Goals of Psychotherapy
- Therapeutic Relationship
- Types of Therapies
- Behaviour Therapy
- Cognitive Therapy
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
- Humanistic-Existential Therapy
- Existential Therapy
- Client-Centered Therapy
- Gestalt Therapy
- Factors Contributing to Healing in Psychotherapy
- Ethics in Psychotherapy
- Alternative Therapies
- Rehabilitation of the Mentally
- Key Terms
- Summary
- More Important Links
Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches
Introduction
- This chapter explores various therapeutic methods used by psychotherapists to help patients with psychological disorders.
- There are different types of psychotherapy, some focusing on self-understanding and others on taking action.
- The goal is to help the patient overcome their condition.
- The effectiveness of a therapeutic approach depends on factors like the severity of the disorder, the distress faced by others, and the availability of resources.
Nature and Process of Psychotherapy
- Psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between the client (the person seeking treatment) and the therapist (the one who treats).
- The goal is to help the client solve their psychological problems.
- The relationship is built on trust, allowing for open discussion of problems.
- Psychotherapies aim to change unhelpful behaviours, reduce personal distress, and help the client adapt better to their environment.
- All psychotherapeutic approaches are corrective and involve an interpersonal relationship between the therapist and the client.
- Some therapies are directive (like psychodynamic therapy), while others are non-directive (like person-centered therapy).
- All psychotherapies involve the systematic application of principles from different theories of therapy.
- Only trained professionals should practice psychotherapy.
- The therapeutic relationship is confidential, interpersonal, and dynamic.
Goals of Psychotherapy
- Reinforce the client’s desire for improvement.
- Reduce emotional pressure.
- Help the client realize their potential for positive growth.
- Modify habits.
- Change thinking patterns.
- Increase self-awareness.
- Improve interpersonal relationships and communication.
- Facilitate decision-making.
- Help the client become aware of their choices in life.
- Enable the client to relate to their social environment in a more creative and self-aware way.
Therapeutic Relationship
- The therapeutic relationship, or alliance, is the special bond between the client and the therapist.
- It is not a casual acquaintance or a permanent relationship.
- The alliance is contractual, with both parties willing to work towards helping the client overcome their problems.
- It has a limited duration, lasting until the client can manage their problems independently.
- The relationship is characterized by trust, allowing the client to confide in the therapist.
- The therapist fosters this trust by being accepting, empathetic, genuine, and warm.
- The therapist provides unconditional positive regard, accepting the client without judgment.
- Empathy is crucial, enabling the therapist to understand and feel the client’s experiences.
- Confidentiality is essential, with the therapist respecting the privacy of the client’s disclosures.
- The relationship is professional and should remain so.
Types of Therapies
- Psychotherapies can be broadly classified into three groups: psychodynamic, behaviour, and existential therapies.
- Psychodynamic therapy focuses on internal psychological conflicts.
- Behaviour therapy addresses faulty learning of behaviours and thoughts.
- Existential therapy explores questions about the meaning of life and existence.
Behaviour Therapy
- Behaviour therapies focus on the client’s current Behaviour and thoughts.
- The past is only relevant for understanding the origins of faulty patterns.
- The goal is to correct faulty behaviours and thought patterns in the present.
- Behavioural analysis is used to identify problematic behaviours, their causes, and the factors that maintain them.
- Treatment aims to replace unhealthy behaviours with adaptive ones.
- Techniques include:
- Negative reinforcement: Strengthening Behaviour by removing or avoiding something unpleasant.
- Aversive conditioning: Associating an unwanted Behaviour with an unpleasant consequence.
- Positive reinforcement: Increasing a desired Behaviour by rewarding it.
- Token economy: Using tokens as rewards for desired behaviours, which can be exchanged for privileges or treats.
- Relaxation procedures: Techniques like progressive muscle relaxation and meditation to reduce anxiety.
- Differential reinforcement: Increasing desired behaviours while decreasing unwanted ones.
- Systematic desensitization: Gradually exposing the client to feared situations while they are relaxed to overcome phobias.
- Modelling: The client learns by observing and imitating a role model.
Cognitive Therapy
- Cognitive therapies focus on irrational thoughts and beliefs as the cause of psychological distress.
- The Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) by Albert Ellis emphasizes the role of irrational beliefs in shaping negative emotions and behaviours.
- The therapy challenges and helps change these irrational beliefs.
- Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy focuses on identifying and modifying negative automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions.
- The goal is to achieve cognitive restructuring and reduce psychological distress.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
- CBT is a popular therapy that combines cognitive and Behavioural techniques.
- It takes a biopsychosocial approach, considering biological, psychological, and social factors.
- CBT is effective for various disorders and is known for being short and easy to use.
Humanistic-Existential Therapy
- Humanistic-existential therapies address feelings of loneliness, alienation, and lack of meaning in life.
- They emphasize personal growth and self-actualization.
- Self-actualization is the innate drive to become a more complex, balanced, and integrated person.
- The therapy provides a supportive environment for clients to express their emotions and achieve self-actualization.
- The therapist acts as a facilitator, and the client is responsible for their own growth and healing.
Existential Therapy
- Victor Frankl’s Logotherapy focuses on helping clients find meaning and purpose in their lives.
- It emphasizes the spiritual dimension of human existence and the importance of meaning-making.
- The therapist encourages the client to take responsibility for their life and find meaning in their experiences.
Client-Centered Therapy
- Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness from the therapist.
- The therapist creates a safe space for the client to explore their feelings and experiences.
- The focus is on the client’s self-discovery and personal growth.
Gestalt Therapy
- Gestalt therapy aims to increase self-awareness and self-acceptance.
- Clients are encouraged to recognize and express their emotions and bodily processes.
Factors Contributing to Healing in Psychotherapy
- Effective techniques and their proper implementation.
- The therapeutic alliance and the support it provides.
- Catharsis, or emotional unburdening.
- Non-specific factors related to the client (motivation, expectations) and the therapist (positive nature, mental health).
Ethics in Psychotherapy
- Informed consent, confidentiality, alleviating distress, professional integrity, respect for human rights, and professional competence are crucial ethical standards.
Alternative Therapies
- Alternative therapies offer treatment options beyond conventional methods.
- Yoga and meditation have gained popularity for managing psychological distress.
- Yoga involves physical postures (asanas), breathing practices (pranayama), or a combination of both.
- Meditation involves focusing attention on breath, an object, a thought, or a mantra.
- Vipasana meditation involves mindful observation of bodily sensations and thoughts.
- Research suggests that certain yoga and meditation techniques can be effective in treating stress, anxiety, depression, and other conditions.
Rehabilitation of the Mentally
- Rehabilitation aims to help patients with severe mental disorders improve their quality of life and become self-sufficient.
- It involves occupational therapy, social skills training, cognitive retraining, and vocational therapy.
Key Terms
- Alternative therapy: Treatment options besides conventional medicine or therapy, like yoga, meditation, and acupuncture.
- Behaviour therapy: Focuses on changing current unhealthy behaviours and thought patterns.
- Client-cantered therapy: A humanistic therapy where the therapist provides a supportive environment with empathy, acceptance, and genuineness.
- Cognitive Behaviour therapy (CBT): A popular therapy that combines techniques for changing both thoughts and behaviours.
- Empathy: The therapist’s ability to understand and share the client’s feelings and experiences.
- Gestalt therapy: Aims to increase self-awareness and self-acceptance by helping clients recognize and express their emotions and bodily processes.
- Humanistic therapy: Focuses on personal growth and self-actualization, providing a supportive environment for clients to explore their potential.
- Psychodynamic therapy: Explores past experiences and unconscious conflicts to understand current psychological difficulties.
- Psychotherapy: A general term for treating mental health conditions by talking with a mental health professional.
- Rehabilitation: The process of helping people with mental illness recover and improve their quality of life.
- Resistance: In psychoanalysis, it refers to a client’s unwillingness to face uncomfortable thoughts or feelings. (Note: The provided text doesn’t explicitly define “resistance,” but it’s a core concept in psychodynamic therapy.)
- Self-actualization: Reaching one’s full potential; a key concept in humanistic therapies.
- Therapeutic alliance: The trusting relationship between the client and therapist.
- Unconditional positive regard: The therapist’s complete acceptance of the client, without judgment.
Summary
- Psychotherapy is a diverse field with various approaches to treating psychological distress.
- The main types of psychotherapy include psychoanalysis, behavioural, cognitive, and humanistic-existential therapies.
- Key components of psychotherapy are clinical formulation, therapeutic alliance, and the therapist’s professional training.
- Alternative therapies like yoga and meditation can be effective for certain disorders.
- Rehabilitation is essential for improving the quality of life for individuals with severe mental disorders.
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