Chapter – 12

Improvement in Food Resources

In this post we have given the detailed notes of class 9 Science Chapter 12 (Improvement in Food Resources) in English. These notes are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 9 board exams.

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Chapter 12: Improvement in Food Resources

Introduction

• All living organisms need food for growth, development, and health. 🌱💪
• Food provides us with proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. 🍎🥩
• Plants and animals are our major food sources, obtained through agriculture and animal husbandry. 🌾🐄
• India’s population is growing, increasing the demand for food. 📈
• We need to increase food production without harming the environment. 🌎

Improving Crop Yields🌾

• Different crops provide us with different nutrients:
  • Carbohydrates: Cereals like wheat, rice, maize, millets, and sorghum. 🍚🍞
  • Proteins: Pulses like gram, pea, black gram, green gram, pigeon pea, and lentil. 🥜🫘
  • Fats: Oilseeds like soybean, groundnut, sesame, castor, mustard, linseed, and sunflower. 🌰🥜
  • Vitamins and Minerals: Vegetables, spices, and fruits. 🥦🍅
• Crop Variety Improvement 🌱
  • Involves finding high-yielding crop varieties with desirable traits like disease resistance, response to fertilizers, and product quality. 💪
  • Hybridisation: Crossing genetically dissimilar plants to combine desirable traits. 🧬
  • Genetically Modified Crops: Introducing a gene to provide a desired characteristic. 🧬
• Crop Production Management 🧑‍🌾
  • Nutrient Management:
    • Plants need essential nutrients for growth, supplied by air, water, and soil. 💨💧🌱
    • Macronutrients: Required in large quantities. 🐘
    • Micronutrients: Required in small quantities. 🐜
    • Manure: Provides organic matter and nutrients, improves soil structure. 💩
    • Fertilizers: Provide essential nutrients for plant growth, but excessive use can harm the environment. 🧪🌱
  • Irrigation:
    • Ensures crops get water at the right time, especially in rain-fed areas. 🌧️
    • Different irrigation systems include wells, canals, river lift systems, and tanks. 💧
  • Cropping Patterns:
    • Mixed Cropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land. 🌱🌱
    • Inter-cropping: Growing two or more crops in a definite pattern on the same field. 🌱🌿
    • Crop Rotation: Growing different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession. 🔄
• Crop Protection Management 🛡️
  • Weeds, insect pests, and diseases can damage crops and reduce yields. 🐛🦠
  • Control methods include:
    • Pesticides: Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. 🧪
    • Mechanical removal of weeds. 🧑‍🌾
    • Preventive measures: Proper seed bed preparation, timely sowing, intercropping, crop rotation, and summer ploughing. 🌱
  • Storage of Grains:
    • Storage losses can occur due to biotic factors (insects, rodents, fungi) and abiotic factors (moisture, temperature). 🐀
    • Preventive measures include cleaning, drying, and fumigation. 💨 Animal Husbandry 🐄
• Scientific management of animal livestock, including feeding, breeding, and disease control. 🧑‍🔬
• Cattle Farming:
  • Raising cattle for milk and draught labor. 🥛
  • Milch animals (dairy animals) for milk production, draught animals for farm labor. 🐄
  • Cross-breeding to combine desirable traits. 🧬
  • Proper shelter, nutrition, and disease control are essential. 🏠
• Poultry Farming:
  • Raising domestic fowl for eggs and meat. 🥚🍗
  • Layers for egg production, broilers for meat production. 🐔
  • Cross-breeding for variety improvement. 🧬
  • Proper housing, nutrition, and disease control are essential. 🏠
• Fish Production:
  • Fish is a cheap source of animal protein. 🐟
  • Capture fishing: Obtaining fish from natural resources. 🎣
  • Culture fishery: Fish farming. 🧑‍🌾
  • Marine fisheries: Involve capture fishing and mariculture (farming marine fish). 🌊
  • Inland fisheries: Involve capture fishing and aquaculture (farming freshwater fish). 🏞️
  • Composite fish culture: Growing different fish species together in a pond. 🐟🐟
• Bee-keeping:
  • Raising bees for honey and wax. 🍯🐝
  • Apiaries: Bee farms for commercial honey production. 🐝
  • Pasturage: Flowers available to bees for nectar and pollen collection, affects honey quality. 💐

    Conclusion

• Sustainable practices in agriculture and animal husbandry are necessary to meet the growing demand for food without harming the environment. 🌎
• Improving crop yields and livestock production requires a combination of variety improvement, production management, and protection measures. 🌱
• Proper storage of grains is essential to reduce losses. 🐀
• Animal husbandry involves proper care and management of livestock for milk, meat, eggs, and other products. 🐄
• Fish production can be increased through capture fishing and culture fishery. 🐟
• Bee-keeping is a low-investment, income-generating activity. 🍯

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